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	<title>Cigarettes in Virginia</title>
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		<title>photoshop tricks</title>
		<link>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/31/photoshop-tricks/</link>
		<comments>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/31/photoshop-tricks/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 31 Aug 2010 03:58:36 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>theyriah</dc:creator>
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		<description><![CDATA[Law &#38; Order: Photoshop Division
In the women&#39;s magazine system, the people are betrayed by one group: the photoshop-happy post-production teams who think distorting a famous woman&#39;s body until she looks nothing like herself is totally acceptable. This cover is one of those stories. 

			Send an email to Hortense, the author of this post, at &#99;&#111;&#109;&#109;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#101;&#114;&#115;&#64;&#106;&#101;&#122;&#101;&#98;&#101;&#108;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;.
	
Featured [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>Law &amp; Order: Photoshop Division</h1>
<p>In the women&#39;s magazine system, the people are betrayed by one group: the photoshop-happy post-production teams who think distorting a famous woman&#39;s body until she looks nothing like herself is totally acceptable. This cover is one of those stories. </p>
<p class="contactinfo">
			Send an email to Hortense, the author of this post, at &#99;&#111;&#109;&#109;&#101;&#110;&#116;&#101;&#114;&#115;&#64;&#106;&#101;&#122;&#101;&#98;&#101;&#108;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;.
	</p>
<h3><span>Featured Stories  Feed</span></h3>
<ul>
<li>DLS Review: IDriveSync is a cheaper, more powerful, Dropbox competitor for Windows</li>
<li>Twitter Tuesday &#8212; Twitter becomes the last Web service to get a bookmarklet</li>
<li>The Great Android Conspiracy &#8212; a thrilling ride through six back-to-school Android apps for students!</li>
<li>What the Zuk: Stickies is the best sticky-note application money can&#39;t buy</li>
<li>Twitter Tuesday &#8211; the official Tweet Button arrives, Twifficiency explained, and more</li>
<li>DLS Review: Live Documents is almost like Office, but for the Web</li>
<li>10+ extensions for better back-to-school browsing with Google Chrome</li>
<li>Twitter Tuesday &#8211; Tweetdeck gets an Android app, Promoted Tweets coming to third-party apps</li>
<li>Firefox Friday Five: all quiet on the Firefox front, so here are some neat websites, tips, features and tricks</li>
<li>Firefox Friday Five &#8211; &#8220;We miss Sebastian&#8221; edition</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="http://resyst.org">oem software</a></p>
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		<title>programs for drawing</title>
		<link>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/17/programs-for-drawing/</link>
		<comments>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/17/programs-for-drawing/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 17 Aug 2010 10:13:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>theyriah</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[cheap photoshop
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Microsoft has been helping Adobe develop a sandbox similar to the Protected View in Office 2010. Adobe Reader Protected Mode, a sandboxing technology based on Microsoft&#39;s Practical Windows Sandboxing technique, is a new mitigation feature scheduled for the next major version release of Adobe Reader. In addition to working with the Microsoft [...]]]></description>
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<p>Microsoft has been helping Adobe develop a sandbox similar to the Protected View in Office 2010. Adobe Reader Protected Mode, a sandboxing technology based on Microsoft&#39;s Practical Windows Sandboxing technique, is a new mitigation feature scheduled for the next major version release of Adobe Reader. In addition to working with the Microsoft Office security team, Adobe also learned from the Google Chrome team as well as third-party consultancies and other external groups that have sandboxing knowledge and experience.
</p>
<p>
Adobe Reader Protected Mode will be enabled by default and will ensure that all operations required to display a PDF file to the user are run in a restricted manner inside a sandbox. Actions not permitted in the sandboxed environment, such as writing to the user&#39;s temporary folder or launching an attachment inside a PDF file using an external application, are funneled through a &#8220;broker process,&#8221; which has a strict set of policies for what is allowed and what is not. This first release will sandbox all &#8220;write&#8221; calls, mitigating the risk of exploits that seek to install malware on Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and Windows 7. In future releases of Adobe Reader, the company hopes to extend the sandbox to include read-only activities to protect against attackers seeking to read sensitive information from the user&#39;s computer.
</p>
<p>
Adobe&#39;s products are almost as ubiquitous as Microsoft&#39;s, and since Microsoft has been taking security much more seriously ever since Windows XP SP2, it made sense for cybercriminals to target software which had so many vulnerabilities waiting to be discovered. Last year, Adobe Reader took the crown away from Microsoft Office as the software with the most vulnerabilities. Brad Arkin, Senior Director of Product Security &amp; Privacy for Adobe Systems, announced in May 2009 that a major Adobe Reader and Acrobat security initiative was underway: code hardening, incident response process improvements, and a shift to a regular security update schedule.
</p>
<p>
Microsoft&#39;s and Adobe&#39;s products compete on many fronts, but it makes sense for Redmond to help its partners in the area of security. The sandboxing approaches that Microsoft has pioneered in Office, including the sandbox for its search subsystem, the MOICE sandbox, and Protected View, are there to improve the overall state of security on Windows. The progress in security made by the Office team can thus be extended to other third-party applications for Windows, protecting the customers that Microsoft has in common with its partners.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>design as lifestyle</title>
		<link>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/15/design-as-lifestyle/</link>
		<comments>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/15/design-as-lifestyle/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 15 Aug 2010 03:10:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>theyriah</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/15/design-as-lifestyle/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[cheap photoshop
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The Adobe Acrobat Blog has a new post up reveling in the 1 million downloads their Reader app for Android has garnered in the two months since its release. With over 4,000 rating the app also sits at a healthy four stars, and with all the success the PDF viewer has had Adobe [...]]]></description>
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<p>The Adobe Acrobat Blog has a new post up reveling in the 1 million downloads their Reader app for Android has garnered in the two months since its release. With over 4,000 rating the app also sits at a healthy four stars, and with all the success the PDF viewer has had Adobe promises there is much more to come. I&#8217;ll take any enhancements as a bonus as I&#8217;ve been pretty pleased the the experience Reader for Android has offered since day one. It isn&#8217;t the most light-weight PDF reader on the Android Market, but for all of its features it really makes the viewing experience that much better on Android. If you haven&#8217;t checked it out I highly encourage you to check it out.</p>
<p>[via TalkAndroid]</p>
<p>
By Andrew Liszewski</p>
<p>It&#8217;s not like traditional paper sheet music was ever able to turn itself, and in my mind, hitting the arrow key on a laptop or swiping your finger across the iPad seems a lot easier than re-shuffling a stack of pages while playing an instrument. But since I&#8217;m no musician, who am I to question if this Bluetooth foot pedal from AirTurn actually makes things easier or not?</p>
<p>The device itself is basically a BT transmitter which connects to a handful of foot switches from the likes of Boss or Roland, and it seems to work with pretty much any application you&#8217;d need it to including Acrobat, Word, PowerPoint, Keynote etc. The transmitter is powered by a couple of AAs which should keep it running for a few weeks, and it has a range of up to 100 feet which seems a bit overkill. For $39.95 you can get the AirTurn transmitter and receiver by itself, but the company also sells bundles with Boss forward and back foot switches and their Music Reader software which pushes the price tag to close to $200.</p>
<p>[ AirTurn BT-105 Bluetooth Foot Pedal Page Turner ] VIA [ eCoustics ]</p>
<p></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>software for design 2010</title>
		<link>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/13/software-for-design-2010/</link>
		<comments>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/13/software-for-design-2010/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Aug 2010 07:47:04 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>theyriah</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/13/software-for-design-2010/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[
IK Multimedia Amplitube Metal 1.0
	If you are looking to create nice looking certificates, you may want to try the certificates in Corel MediaOne Plus. If you do not have this program though, it is not worth purchasing just for the certificates, but if you already have the program, the certificates are pretty nice. In this [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3393/3222521144_53fd15cb6c.jpg"><img alt="Kaohsiung Corel 2008 Year-End Party by MingszuLiang" src="http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3393/3222521144_53fd15cb6c.jpg" /></a></p>
<p><a href="http://cheap-download">IK Multimedia Amplitube Metal 1.0</a></p>
<p>	If you are looking to create nice looking certificates, you may want to try the certificates in Corel MediaOne Plus. If you do not have this program though, it is not worth purchasing just for the certificates, but if you already have the program, the certificates are pretty nice. In this tutorial, I am going to walk you through the steps of creating certificates in Corel MediaOne Plus.</p>
<p>To get started with the certificates, you will need to open the photo you want to use for the certificate. After you have opened the photo, drag the photo to the photo tray. That will store the photo so you can use it once you have your certificate layout opened.</p>
<p>Next, you will need to open your projects panel to select the certificate project. On the left side of your program, you will see the panel of buttons. Click the Create button and that will load your projects in the main panel.</p>
<p>In the main panel, you will need to look for the Certificate project and click it. That will load a certificate in your main window. Now you will need to click the Layout button in the left panel to see the different layouts. There are three layouts to choose from. Click the layouts to see a larger view of them in your main window. Select the certificate you want to use by clicking it.</p>
<p>Now you are ready to add your photo to the certificate. Select the photo in the photo tray that you wish to use in the certificate. Then drag the photo to the photo slot of the certificate. After you let go of the photo, you will notice the editing box that opens. In this box you can adjust the photo you added to the certificate. With these tools, you can rotate the photo, fit the photo to the frame, and more. Click the buttons to adjust the photo.</p>
<p>After you have your photo the way you want it, click the Text link in the left panel. That will open the text box and you will need to click the text box on the certificate. That will load your text field and options in a box. Delete the text in the field and type what you want. Then adjust the text settings to what you want. Once you have the text the way you want it, click the X on the box to close it. Your certificate should be finished and ready for printing. If you are ready to print, go to the top of your window and click File &gt; Print. Adjust your printing settings if you need too and then print your certificate.</p>
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<p>
By Andrew Liszewski</p>
<p>It&#8217;s not like traditional paper sheet music was ever able to turn itself, and in my mind, hitting the arrow key on a laptop or swiping your finger across the iPad seems a lot easier than re-shuffling a stack of pages while playing an instrument. But since I&#8217;m no musician, who am I to question if this Bluetooth foot pedal from AirTurn actually makes things easier or not?</p>
<p>The device itself is basically a BT transmitter which connects to a handful of foot switches from the likes of Boss or Roland, and it seems to work with pretty much any application you&#8217;d need it to including Acrobat, Word, PowerPoint, Keynote etc. The transmitter is powered by a couple of AAs which should keep it running for a few weeks, and it has a range of up to 100 feet which seems a bit overkill. For $39.95 you can get the AirTurn transmitter and receiver by itself, but the company also sells bundles with Boss forward and back foot switches and their Music Reader software which pushes the price tag to close to $200.</p>
<p>[ AirTurn BT-105 Bluetooth Foot Pedal Page Turner ] VIA [ eCoustics ]</p>
<p></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>photoshoping</title>
		<link>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/12/photoshoping/</link>
		<comments>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/12/photoshoping/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Aug 2010 13:28:43 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>theyriah</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[software]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/08/12/photoshoping/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[cheap photoshop
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Microsoft has been helping Adobe develop a sandbox similar to the Protected View in Office 2010. Adobe Reader Protected Mode, a sandboxing technology based on Microsoft&#39;s Practical Windows Sandboxing technique, is a new mitigation feature scheduled for the next major version release of Adobe Reader. In addition to working with the Microsoft Office [...]]]></description>
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<p>Microsoft has been helping Adobe develop a sandbox similar to the Protected View in Office 2010. Adobe Reader Protected Mode, a sandboxing technology based on Microsoft&#39;s Practical Windows Sandboxing technique, is a new mitigation feature scheduled for the next major version release of Adobe Reader. In addition to working with the Microsoft Office security team, Adobe also learned from the Google Chrome team as well as third-party consultancies and other external groups that have sandboxing knowledge and experience.
</p>
<p>
Adobe Reader Protected Mode will be enabled by default and will ensure that all operations required to display a PDF file to the user are run in a restricted manner inside a sandbox. Actions not permitted in the sandboxed environment, such as writing to the user&#39;s temporary folder or launching an attachment inside a PDF file using an external application, are funneled through a &#8220;broker process,&#8221; which has a strict set of policies for what is allowed and what is not. This first release will sandbox all &#8220;write&#8221; calls, mitigating the risk of exploits that seek to install malware on Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and Windows 7. In future releases of Adobe Reader, the company hopes to extend the sandbox to include read-only activities to protect against attackers seeking to read sensitive information from the user&#39;s computer.
</p>
<p>
Adobe&#39;s products are almost as ubiquitous as Microsoft&#39;s, and since Microsoft has been taking security much more seriously ever since Windows XP SP2, it made sense for cybercriminals to target software which had so many vulnerabilities waiting to be discovered. Last year, Adobe Reader took the crown away from Microsoft Office as the software with the most vulnerabilities. Brad Arkin, Senior Director of Product Security &amp; Privacy for Adobe Systems, announced in May 2009 that a major Adobe Reader and Acrobat security initiative was underway: code hardening, incident response process improvements, and a shift to a regular security update schedule.
</p>
<p>
Microsoft&#39;s and Adobe&#39;s products compete on many fronts, but it makes sense for Redmond to help its partners in the area of security. The sandboxing approaches that Microsoft has pioneered in Office, including the sandbox for its search subsystem, the MOICE sandbox, and Protected View, are there to improve the overall state of security on Windows. The progress in security made by the Office team can thus be extended to other third-party applications for Windows, protecting the customers that Microsoft has in common with its partners.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Cheap cigarettes myth?</title>
		<link>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/07/30/cheap-cigarettes-myth/</link>
		<comments>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/07/30/cheap-cigarettes-myth/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Jul 2010 23:36:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>theyriah</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cigarettes]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[	These last few nicotine and smoking cessation products are only available by prescription. If you would like to quit smoking, speak with your doctor and figure out which product might be best for you. One of the options might be the prescription only nicotine products.
When someone wants to quit smoking they can go cold turkey [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>	These last few nicotine and smoking cessation products are only available by prescription. If you would like to quit smoking, speak with your doctor and figure out which product might be best for you. One of the options might be the prescription only nicotine products.</p>
<p>When someone wants to quit smoking they can go cold turkey which means to quit suddenly and try to abstain from using cigarettes or other nicotine products. Quitting cold turkey does not work for everyone and a lot of people need help to stop smoking. Failing to quit in the past does not mean that you cannot try to quit again. </p>
<p>Studies have shown that it does take some smokers 2, 3 or even as many as 10 or even more tries before they quit for good. You do not have to do it alone, there are a lot of products that are available to help a smoker quit. When you want to quit smoking, do a search for smoking cessation. Smoking cessation is the name that will help smokers find quit smoking products.</p>
<p><strong>Smoking Cessation Products &#8211; Nicotine Spray</strong></p>
<p>Nicotine sprays are used like the decongestive nasal sprays that can be found in a pharmacy. A smoker will simply spray one dose in each nostril per hour. If needed a user can give up to two doses at a time but it is recommended that a smoker not exceed 5 doses in an hour or 40 doses in a day (24 hours). The nicotine spray delivers nicotine to the system much faster than gums, lozenges or patches and that is one reason that the spray is by prescription only. With the nicotine spray, smokers can expect slight irritation of the nose, throat, and coughing, sneezing and watery eyes. These side effects usually go away within one week. Smokers should speak to their doctor if these symptoms last longer or do not go away.</p>
<p><strong>Smoking Cessation Products &#8211; Inhalers</strong></p>
<p>Nicotine inhalers are really helpful for those who have grown use to the feel of a cigarette in their hands because it is a similar shape and you puff on it like a cigarette. To use an inhaler, a smoker will place the tip in their mouth and deeply inhale. Unlike cigarettes there is no smoke to exhale. Symptoms of the inhaler include irritation of the mouth lining, coughing, a runny nose and upset stomach.</p>
<p>Some other products that help smokers to quit include Zyban, Chantix, laser therapy, hypnosis, acupuncture, nicotine lollipops, water and wafers. At some clinics that offer help to smokers, doctors will administer an injection of two drugs called atropine and scopolamine. These drugs are supposed to be able to help smokers go through their withdrawal symptoms. Also on the market are many patches and other products that are said to be natural because they contain no nicotine. It is unclear if these products actually work.</p>
<p>	When people look at a hookah they think marijuana; however the hookah has a lengthy tradition of rich cultural use in the Middle East and deserves more respect in the U.S. then they currently receive. The hookah functions in such a way that a coal is placed on a screen with is affixed atop of a clay bowl filled with a fruit/sugar molasses and tobacco mix known as Shisha. </p>
<p>When the coal is lit it glows red hot as you inhale from the hose and receive water-filtered fruit flavored smoke. This smoke is inhaled like cigarettes and often the smoker does &#8220;O&#39;s&#8221; and other smoke tricks while exhaling. Usually smoked in gatherings of several people- the event is discussion based with the hookah hose being passed while the hookah is in the center of the circle of some sort.</p>
<p>Hookhas were used in Ancient India, Middle Eastern use for thousands of years, and hippies in the 60&#39;s. In recent years their has been an outbreak of hookah bars, brought back from Middle Eastern Americans and primarily serving college students and the areas near big colleges. </p>
<p>Hookah users&#39; claim Hookah causes relaxation and part of the ritual involves calming discussion while passing the hookah hose. It provides family time, it is not uncommon for families to participate together; men in Middle East often give their sons drags of the hookah &#8211; similar to French people and wine. It is so entrenched in their culture that you can go to the majority of restaurants their and they serve hookah and it may even be on the menu. Many people get hookahs while on trips to the Middle East due to seeing the prevalence of it and the low prices of hookahs there. </p>
<p>Compared to cigs the hookah takes a long time (an hour) to smoke a bowl, cigs are for the busy people they say, the hookah also has less nicotine due to the water filtering is effective in the hookah in removing some damaging material though not significantly healthier when used as often as a cig smoker would smoke. </p>
<p>Hookahs are not some fad; they have been around since ancient India and have a rich tradition of use in the Middle East. Hookahs are exploding in popularity due in large part to college students, and the recent research into the Middle Eastern culture. Hookahs are not traditionally used for marijuana; though sometimes. They are however frequently used to relax by people of all kinds.</p>
<p>Interested in a Hookah? <br />Check out:<br />20&#8243; Midnight Silver 2-Hose Egyptian Hookah w/ Case<br />or maybe instead<br />34&#8243; Silver Saphire 4-Hose Rotating Egyptian Hookah ~ NEW</p>
<h1><em>Major League</em> Manager Dies</h1>
<p> James Gammon&mdash;the manager from <em>Major League</em> and a lot of other stuff&mdash;died over the weekend after a long battle with cancer. Everybody smoke a pack of Marlboro Reds and talk like him in his honor. </p>
<p>Thank you for your continued support of Deadspin. See you tomorrow morning.
</p>
</p>
<p class="contactinfo">
			Send an email to David Matthews, the author of this post, at &#100;&#97;&#118;&#105;&#100;&#64;&#100;&#101;&#97;&#100;&#115;&#112;&#105;&#110;&#46;&#99;&#111;&#109;.
	</p>
</p>
<p><em>billboard after improvement</em></p>
</p>
<p><em>billboard before improvement</em></p>
<p>FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE</p>
<p>June 27, 2010<br />
San Francisco</p>
<p>The Billboard Liberation Front (BLF) is honored to announce a new marketing partnership with Philip Morris (PM) that finally brings together the rugged sense of American independence with your most important choice as a consumer: your death. The message of &ldquo;My Life. My Death. My Choice.&rdquo; informs and empowers the consumer to choose, as their god given right, how they want to die. Philip Morris brings this message to the consumer to remind them that some rights are inalienable in life as they are in death.</p>
<p>&ldquo;We&rsquo;ve always said that the only two things in life that are unavoidable are death and taxes,&rdquo; commented Michael E. Szymanczyk, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Philip Morris. &ldquo;This campaign drives home that message where, if you are gonna die, might as well do it on your terms. Just like our Marlboro Men did.&rdquo; According to Patrick B. Smelt, Chief of Marketing, &ldquo;This bold message of independence and demanding life and death on your terms fits with the current zeitgeist of anti-establishmentarianism and post-post-modern rage at the repressive state demanding a healthier you and your environment.&rdquo;</p>
<p>The BLF was honored to accept this exciting challenge. &ldquo;We have no comment on President Obama&rsquo;s health care reform, but many consumer of Philip Morris&rsquo;s products do. We felt that this campaign picks up on a widespread rage that some nameless, faceless bureaucrat might give them cheaper health care, preventative treatment, and maybe deny them the sweet release we are all seeking,&rdquo; said Rico T. Spoons, BLF Director of Offense as he idly drew a razorblade across his wrists. &ldquo;This oppressive political climate and fascist approach towards health raises the comforting question of &lsquo;how will you end it all?&rsquo; I like to think that we are just giving some poor folks a reminder that Philip Morris will always be there to help kill you.&rdquo;</p>
<p>All former Marlboro Men, Wayne McLaren, David McLean and Dick Hammer, were unavailable for comment due to their rugged, manly choice of death by lung cancer.</p>
<p>The improvement can be viewed on Howard at Van Ness in San Francisco.</p>
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		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Marlboro</title>
		<link>http://indyafind.com/cigarettesinvirginia/2010/02/12/marlboro/</link>
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		<pubDate>Thu, 11 Feb 2010 23:04:21 +0000</pubDate>
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The tobacco in cigarettes hosts a bacterial bonanza &#8212; literally hundreds of different germs, including those responsible for many human illnesses, a new study finds.
&#8220;Nearly every paper that you pick up discussing the health effects of cigarettes starts out with something to the effect that smokers and people exposed to secondhand smoke experience high [...]]]></description>
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<p>The tobacco in cigarettes hosts a bacterial bonanza &mdash; literally hundreds of different germs, including those responsible for many human illnesses, a new study finds.</p>
<p>&ldquo;Nearly every paper that you pick up discussing the health effects of cigarettes starts out with something to the effect that smokers and people exposed to secondhand smoke experience high rates of respiratory infections,&rdquo; notes Amy Sapkota of the University of Maryland, College Park. The presumption has been that smoking renders people vulnerable to disease by impairing lung function or immunity. And it may well do both.</p>
<p>&ldquo;But nobody talks about cigarettes as a source of those infections,&rdquo; she says. Her new data now suggest that&rsquo;s distinctly possible.</p>
<p>If these germs are alive, something she has not yet confirmed, just handling cigarettes or putting an unlit one to the mouth could be enough to cause an infection.</p>
<p><span></span></p>
<p>The idea that tobacco might contain viable germs isn&rsquo;t just idle conjecture. Several research teams have isolated bacteria from tobacco that they could grow out in petri dishes. Those earlier investigations tended to hunt for &mdash; and, when found, attempted to grow &mdash; only one or two species of interest, Sapkota says.</p>
<p>What&rsquo;s novel in her study: She and her colleagues probed for genetic material from any and every bacterium in a cigarette&rsquo;s tobacco. Under sterile conditions, the researchers opened up cigarettes and then performed a series of tests on the leafy bits. For instance, they isolated all of the ribosomal material and then homed in on its long, species-specific stretches known as 16S regions. These genetic segments were then compared to 16S patches characteristic of known bacterial species.</p>
<p>Sapkota&rsquo;s team had 16S probes for close to 800 different bacteria and found matches to many hundreds in the four brands of cigarettes screened: Marlboro Red, Camel, Kool Filter Kings and Lucky Strike Original Red. These cigarettes are &ldquo;among the most commonly smoked brands in Westernized countries and represent three major tobacco companies,&rdquo; Sapkota notes. All were purchased in Lyon, France, where she was completing her postdoctoral studies.</p>
<p>Among the large number of germs whose DNA laced these cigarettes were: <em>Campylobacter</em>, which can cause food poisoning and Guillain-Barre Syndrome; <em>Clostridium</em>, which causes food poisoning and pneumonias; <em>Corynebacterium</em>, also associated with pneumonias and other diseases; <em>E. coli</em>; <em>Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> and <em>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</em>, all of which are associated not only with pneumonia but also with urinary tract infections; and a number of <em>Staphylococcus</em> species that underlie the most common and serious hospital-associated infections.</p>
<p>Sapkota&rsquo;s team lists many of these &mdash; including the most prevalent bacteria in the tobacco they studied &mdash; in a paper published early, online in <em>Environmental Health Perspectives</em>.</p>
<p>Some people have criticized the idea of infectious cigarettes, arguing that as tobacco burns, it would kill any germs present. But Sapkota is not so sure that&#8217;s true. The tobacco farthest from the burning tip might be a balmy temperature, from a bacterial point of view. And here&rsquo;s &ldquo;a really wild idea,&rdquo; she says: What if the smoke particles traveling through the still-unburned part of a cigarette pick up some germs and then ferry them deeply into the lung, where they&rsquo;re unlikely to be cleared? Wouldn&rsquo;t that be the prescription for disease?</p>
<p>Of course, there&rsquo;s also plenty of chances for a smoker to become exposed prior to lighting up. And, of course, the potential for highest oral exposure would come from chewing tobacco &mdash; and nasal exposures from snuff.</p>
<p>Sapkota, an environmental health scientist, plans to follow up her preliminary data to see which types of tobacco are most likely to host viable germs, and whether those bacteria are transported into the body, either during smoking or by the insertion of unburned tobacco products (including chewing tobacco) into the mouth.</p>
<p>Several thousand potentially toxic chemicals have been isolated from cigarettes. Sapkota says that it&rsquo;s not hard to imagine that the number of germs hosted by tobacco products could rival that of the carcinogens and other poisons residing in or produced by burning tobacco.</p>
<p>How so, when she&#8217;s only found genetic material indicting hundreds of germs? Owing to the bacterial probes available when Sapkota began her tobacco work, she was only able to screen for 700-odd species. But newer probes on the market can now screen for the bacterial 16S genetic material of 5,000 or more germs. And if she used such huge batteries of probes now, she said she fully expects she could turn up at least 1,000 hitchhiking bacterial species in tobacco products.</p>
<p><em>Image: Flickr/alphadesigner</em></p>
<p><strong>See Also:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The Cigarette of the Future: All the Cancer, None of the Nicotine</li>
<li>Philip Morris Tries to Engineer the Cancer Out of Tobacco</li>
<li>Toxic Soup: Plastics Could Be Leaching Chemicals Into Ocean</li>
<li>Anti-Smoking Drug Succeeds When Antidepressants Fail</li>
<li>Darker Skin Linked to Nicotine Dependence</li>
<li>The Inevitable USB Powered Cigarette</li>
</ul>
<p style="text-align:left">
<p>Only two bird watchers in history have ever seen more than 8,000 of the approximately 9,600 species of birds found on our planet. Phoebe Snetsinger, of Missouri, was one of the two. Her father, Leo Burnett, was the ad exec who helped bring the Jolly Green Giant, the Marlboro Man, Toucan Sam, Charlie the Tuna, Morris the Cat, the Pillsbury Doughboy and Tony the Tiger into our lives. Why is that important when discussing a birder? Easy: money! Only 900 species are found in the US and Canada, so a serious birder needs to have enough dough to travel around the world.</p>
<p>To give you some perspective on just what an fantastic accomplishment seeing 8,000 birds is, consider this: </p>
<p>Only 250 or so people have ever hit the 5,000 mark. Only 100 people have made it to 6,000 and only 12 or so have seen more than 7,000. In addition to money, serious birding requires time and strict adherence to the rules. There are birders who&#8217;ve been blacklisted for cheating and others that have fought over what actually constitutes a sighting (some birders say if you &ldquo;hear&rdquo; a bird, you&#8217;ve seen it.)</p>
<p>Phoebe Snetsinger (with a name like that, you&#8217;re a born birder, eh?) only became a serious bird watcher after she was diagnosed with terminal cancer and given six months to live. It&#8217;s quite possible that counting, or listing as it&#8217;s sometimes called, actually helped her beat that diagnosis; she lived not just another year, but another 17 years! And she would have lived longer, no doubt, were birding not such a dangerous hobby. Yes, on top of the financial independence and time, one also needs a certain amount of courage to trek into the wild, deep into jungles and forests of enormous size. </p>
<p>In 1999, on a birding trip to Madagascar, as she prepared to see her 8,500th bird, Snetsinger was killed in a freak car accident in the middle of nowhere. So, in the end, cancer didn&#8217;t do her in, but her obsessive hobby did. </p>
<p>Not that many moons ago, if you asked an ornithologist how many species of birds there were, s/he would have said about 6,000. Five years from now, they expect there will be more like 18,000. It&#8217;s not that birds are evolving, it&#8217;s more that we&#8217;re changing our definitions of what we call a species. Who knows how many of those 18,000 Snetsinger  could have crossed off her list.</p>
<p>Any serious birders out there? How many have you counted? What&#8217;s your best birding story?</p>
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