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This research was conducted by José María Jiménez Rodríguez, from the Tissular Engineering Research group of the Department of Histology of the University of Granada, and coordinated by professors Miguel Alaminos Mingorance, Antonio Campos Muñoz and José Miguel Labrador Molina.

Researchers from the University of Granada firstly selected the cells that would be employed in generating artificial skin. Then, they analysed the evolution of the in-vitro culture and, finally, they performed a quality control of the tissues grafted onto nude mice. To this purpose, several inmunofluorescence microscopy techniques had to be developed. These techniques allowed researchers to evaluate such factors as cell proliferation, the presence of differentiating morphological markers, the expression of cytokeratin, involucrine and filaggrin, angiogenesis and artificial skin development into the recipient organism.

Human Skin Samples

To make this assay, researchers obtained human skin from small biopsies belonging to patients following surgery at the Plastic Surgery Service of the University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves in Granada. All patients gave their consent to take part in this research study.

To create artificial human skin, human fibrin from plasma of healthy donors was used. Researchers then added tranexamic acid -to prevent fibrinolysis-, and calcium chloride to precipitate fibrin coagulation, and 0.1% aragose. These artificial-skin substitutes were grafted on the back of the nude mice, with the purpose of observing its evolution in vivo. The equivalent skin substitutes were analysed by transmission and scanning light and electron microscopy and inmunofluorescence.

The skin created in the laboratory showed adequate biocompatibility rates with the recipient and no rejection, dehiscence or infection was registered. Additionally, the skin of all animals used in the study started to show granulation after six days from implantation. Within the following twenty days, cicatrization was complete.

The experiment conducted by the University of Granada is the first to create artificial human skin with a dermis made of fibrin-agarose biomaterial. To this date, artificial skin substitutes were elaborated with other biomaterials as collagen, fibrin, polyglycolic acid, chitosan, etc.

These biomaterials “added resistance, firmness and elasticity to the skin” -according to Prof. Jiménez Rodríguez. “Definitively, we have created a more stable skin with similar functionality to normal human skin.”

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“There are differences in the immune system, and some of these are associated with the development of skin cancer after transplantation,” comments Robert Carroll, MD (The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, South Australia).

The researchers measured levels of key immune cells in 116 kidney transplant recipients, 65 of whom developed squamous cell skin cancers. “We were hoping to see if there were differences in the immune systems of patients who developed skin cancer after transplantation compared to those who did not develop skin cancer,” says Carroll.

The results showed that patients with high levels of an immune cell type called T-regulatory cells, or “Tregs” together with low levels of another type of immune cell, called Natural Killer cells, had risk more than five times higher.

The high risk of skin cancers after kidney transplantation is related to the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection. “Squamous cell cancer of the skin affects about 30 percent of kidney transplant patients after ten years of immunosuppression,” Carroll explains. “A small number of patients develop multiple skin cancers per year, but there is no laboratory test to determine which transplant recipients will develop multiple skin cancers in the future.”

If confirmed by future studies, measuring immune cells could provide a valuable new approach to predicting the risk of skin cancer after kidney transplantation. “If a test can confirm high risk of skin cancer development, this may help clinicians to tailor immunosuppressive regimens for individual patients,” says Carroll.

The study was limited to British transplant patients. Well-designed scientific studies will be needed to determine whether the immune system test will apply to other populations of patients around the world, with different immunosuppressive regimens and differing exposure to ultraviolet light.

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You want to prevent wrinkles and skin cancer, so you are a dedicated sunscreen wearer.

But is it possible to wear makeup with sunscreen without looking like a glazed donut?

With so many foundations and other makeup products offering SPF, it's tempting to use them for coverage rather than putting on sunscreen, which can by shiny, chalky, or just plain messy, especially under makeup.

Giving in to that temptation would be a mistake, though, says Leslie Baumann, MD, director of cosmetic dermatology at the Miller School of Medicine at the University of Miami.

“Makeup does not provide enough coverage. You need to use seven times the normally used amount of foundation and 14 times the normally used amount of powder to get the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) on the label,” Baumann tells WebMD. No one does this.”

So how can you marry makeup with sunscreen to keep your skin healthy and looking its best? WebMD turned to Baumann, Karen Houpt, MD, professor of dermatology at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and makeup artists Tina Turnbow and Patty Bell for a step-by-step guide to using sunscreen and makeup.

1. Select the proper sunscreen.

Even before you step in front of the bathroom mirror, find a sunscreen that offers enough protection. The Skin Cancer Foundation advises people to use a moisturizer containing broad-spectrum sunscreen (which means it blocks both UVA and UVB rays) with an SPF rating of at least 15. Ingredients such as zinc oxide, avobenzone (Parsol 1789) or ecamsule (Mexoryl), combined with octocrylene and avobenzone work best with makeup and provide broad spectrum sun protection.

EXPERT TIPS

Baumann: Layer a physical sunscreen, such as Aveeno Ultra-Calming Daily Moisturizer SPF 15, with a chemical sunscreen (either Topix Glycolix Elite Sunscreen SPF 30 or Blue Lizard Australian Sunscreen Sensitive Skin SPF 30), to block most of the sun’s rays.

Turnbow: A natural moisturizer, such as Pur-lisse pur-protect SPF 30, is light and smooth, good for dewy skin. Arcona Reozone SPF 20 is a little richer, but has more of a matte finish.

Bell: DDF Matte Finish Photo-Age Protection SPF30 is oil-free.

Houpt: To avoid flaking that sometimes occurs with sunscreen, it may help to use a product with no more than SPF 15 on the face. For those concerned about an unflattering white pall, avoid products with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide.

2. Apply sunscreen liberally.

“Apply a thin, even coat, approximately one teaspoon for face and neck,” Houpt says. “And ears, if exposed.” Then, let sunscreen soak into the skin and dab the excess with tissue. After you finish applying sunscreen, wash the residue off of your hands before applying makeup.

3. If necessary, use SPF eye cream.

If applying sunscreen in the delicate area around your eyes causes a burning sensation, the Skin Cancer Foundation suggests using SPF 15 eye creams.

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Here in the northeastern U.S., we've been cooped up inside for months, some of us peeking out only long enough to shovel the driveway or stock up on supplies in case there's yet another snow-in. So now that the weather is warming, it's tempting to take full advantage of those increasingly sunny days and get a little “color” in our faces. After all, shorts-and-swimsuit-wearing weather is just around the corner, right? Heaven forbid we show our pasty legs in all their glory!

And then there's the Vitamin D argument that seems to go in favor of (a little) sun-worship. I'll give you that. Seasonal affective disorder is real, and research shows that getting sun in moderation boosts Vitamin D, which in turn boosts our immune systems, moods, and even weight loss efforts. But the key here is that word: moderation.

Why, you may ask, am I writing about the perils of getting too much sun in a blog about plastic surgery? The answer is simple: Every once in a while, I like to let my readers in on the little secrets that can help them put off (or even avoid altogether) the need for cosmetic nips and tucks. Also, if you've had plastic surgery already, don't you want to know how to keep your results looking better for longer? As these “secrets” go, protecting yourself from the harmful rays of the sun is #1 in my book (assuming you're not doing the one thing on earth that is more aging than excessive sun exposure — smoking).

But what if the damage is already done? What if you already have the tell-tale hyperpigmentation (aka, brown spots, age spots), crepey skin, lines and wrinkles, and loss of elasticity that come from years of bronzing your face and body?

Thankfully, if that is the case, your friendly local plastic surgeon has the technology to help you, even without surgery. Here are a few of the top methods used today to combat sun damage and make your skin look and feel (almost) as soft and creamy as a baby's bottom:

Chemical Peels
Laser Resurfacing
Light-Based Procedures like IPL and Non-Ablative Lasers
Non-Surgical Skin Tightening
Microdermabrasion

Of course, not all aging is sun-related, and the procedures listed above may not have a dramatic effect on some of the outward signs of aging. For certain expression lines on the face and loss of volume in areas, injectables like Botox and dermal fillers may be your best bet. And if your wish is to get rid of a significant amount of sagging skin, there are times when only a traditional surgical face lift will do.

See plastic surgery before and after photos.

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Just like every other man, I have male age spots which started appearing in recent years but probably later than the average man. They say that the most common age for them to appear is in the forties or fifties.

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Just like every other man, I have male age spots which started appearing in recent years but probably later than the average man. They say that the most common age for them to appear is in the forties or fifties.

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